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Corylus avellana, the common hazel, is a species of hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles south to Iberia, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, north to central Scandinavia, and east to the central Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, and northwestern Iran.^[2][3][4] It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, the poles cut being used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.

Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts. The name hazelnut applies to the nuts of any of the species of the genus Corylus, but in commercial settings a hazelnut is usually that of C. avellana. This hazelnut or cob nut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The cob is round, compared with the longer filbert nut.

Description[edit]

Common hazel is typically a shrub reaching 3–8 m tall, but can reach 15 m. The leaves are deciduous, rounded, 6–12 cm long and across, softly hairy on both surfaces, and with a double-serrate margin. The flowers are produced very early in spring, before the leaves, and are monoecious with single-sex wind-pollinated catkins. Male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 cm long, while female flowers are very small and largely concealed in the buds with only the bright red 1–3 mm long styles visible. The fruit is a nut, produced in clusters of one to five together, each nut held in a short leafy involucre ('husk') which encloses about three quarters of the nut. The nut is roughly spherical to oval, 15–20 mm long and 12–20 mm broad (larger, up to 25 mm long, in some cultivated selections), yellow-brown with a pale scar at the base. The nut falls out of the involucre when ripe, about 7–8 months after pollination.^[2][4][5]

It is readily distinguished from the closely related filbert (Corylus maxima) by the short involucre; in the filbert the nut is fully enclosed by a beak-like involucre longer than the nut.^[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

The scientific name avellana derives from the town of Avella in Italy,^[6] and was selected by Linnaeus from Leonhart Fuchs's De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), where the species was described as 'Avellana nux sylvestris' ('wild nut of Avella').^[7] That name was taken in turn from Pliny the Elder's first century A.D. encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.^[8]

Ecology[edit]

The leaves provide food for many animals, including Lepidoptera such as the case-bearermoth, Coleophora anatipennella. Caterpillars of the concealer moth, Alabonia geoffrella, have been found feeding inside dead common hazel twigs. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on hazels.

The fruit are possibly even more important animal food, both for invertebrates adapted to circumvent the shell (usually by ovipositing in the female flowers, which also gives protection to the offspring) and for vertebrates which manage to crack them open (such as squirrels and corvids). Both are considered pests by hazelnut growers.

Cultivation and uses[edit]

According to the New Sunset Western Garden Book, the European hazelnut is among the most widely grown hazelnut plants for commercial nut production.^[9]

This shrub is common in many European woodlands. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, the poles cut being used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.^[2]

This shrub is common in many European woodlands. It is an important component of the hedgerows that were the traditional field boundaries in lowland England. The wood was traditionally grown as coppice, the poles cut being used for wattle-and-daub building and agricultural fencing.^[2]

The following ornamental cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- Background check 7 10 days.

• 'Contorta'^[10] (corkscrew hazel, Harry Lauder's walking stick)
• 'Red Majestic'^[11]

Hazelnuts[edit]

The hazelnut, also known as the cobnut, is the nut of the hazel. It is roughly spherical to oval in shape, about 15–25 mm long and 10–15 mm in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding a smooth shell. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination.

Hazelnuts are rich in protein and unsaturated fat. They also contain significant amounts of manganese, copper, vitamin E, thiamine, and magnesium.^[12]

There are many cultivars of the hazel, including Barcelona, Butler, Casina, Clark Cosford, Daviana, Delle Langhe, England, Ennis, Fillbert, Halls Giant, Jemtegaard, Kent Cob, Lewis, Tokolyi, Tonda Gentile, Tonda di Giffoni, Tonda Romana, Wanliss Pride, and Willamette.^[13] Some of these are grown for specific qualities of the nut including large nut size, and early and late fruiting cultivars, whereas other are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts.^[13] Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert.^[5]

Common hazel is cultivated for its nuts in commercialorchards in Europe, Turkey, Iran and Caucasus. The name 'hazelnut' applies to the nuts of any of the species of the genus Corylus. This hazelnut or cobnut, the kernel of the seed, is edible and used raw or roasted, or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin which has a bitter flavour and is sometimes removed before cooking. The top producer of hazelnuts, by a large margin, is Turkey, specifically the Giresun Province. Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 tonnes accounts for approximately 75% of worldwide production.^[14]

References[edit]

1. ^Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). 'Corylus avellana'. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T63521A3125935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63521A3125935.en. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
2. ^ ^abcdRushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN0-00-220013-9.
3. ^Den Virtuella Floran: map
4. ^ ^abTrees for LifeHazel species profileArchived 2013-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ ^abFlora of NW Europe: Corylus avellanaArchived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^Mitchell, A. F. (1982). The Trees of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins ISBN0-00-219037-0
7. ^Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum p. 998.
8. ^'LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 23'. penelope.uchicago.edu.
9. ^'Hazelnut Plants'. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
10. ^'Corylus avellana 'Contorta''. RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
11. ^'Corylus avellana 'Red Majestic''. RHS. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
12. ^SELF Nutrition data, Nuts, hazelnuts or filberts. Accessed 2014-08-22.
13. ^ ^abHuxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan. ISBN0-333-47494-5.
14. ^World Hazelnut Situation and Outlook, USDA 2004.

External links[edit]

• Corylus avellana - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

Create rules to automatically keep your files organized

Hazel watches whatever folders you tell it to, automatically organizing your files according to the rules you create. It features a rule interface similar to that of Apple Mail so you should feel right at home. Have Hazel move files around based on name, date, type, what site/email address it came from (Safari and Mail only) and much more. Automatically put your music in your Music folder, movies in Movies. Keep your downloads off the desktop and put them where they are supposed to be. screenshot of main ui screenshot of rules

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When you throw away applications, they can leave behind support files that never get cleaned up. With Hazel's App Sweep, Hazel will detect when you throw applications away, search for its support files and offer to throw those away as well. Uninstalling applications is integrated with your Trash so you don't even have to think about it.

Made a mistake? When you pull the application back out of the Trash, Hazel can re-install the support files for you so you don't lose a thing. In addition, App Sweep can work for all users on the same computer. If you throw away an app, other users of the app will get a chance to have their support files thrown away when they log in. screenshot of appsweep screenshot of iLife

iLife Support

Hazel features new actions to import your files into iPhoto or iTunes. Keep your media in line. Add to your library or to a specific playlist or photo album. And now with Hazel 3, you can import into Aperture projects and folders as well.

Mocks 2 7 – create mockups of ios applications without. Spotlight Integration

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Advanced Spotlight integration allows you to use any Spotlight attribute in your rules. Filter files based on Spotlight attributes or use them in conjunction with the renaming and sorting actions. Sort your photos by aperture or shutter speed or rename your music files with artist, album and year. Make your metadata work for you. screenshot of Spotlight

Never take out the trash again

You can have Hazel manage your Trash. Select from different options to keep your Trash in check. And for extra security, Hazel can also shred files like Finder's 'Secure Empty Trash' option. screenshot of trash UI screenshot of script editor

Extend, Customize, Integrate

Hazel's rules can trigger Automator workflows, AppleScripts and scripts in your language of choice. Hazel will run whatever you throw at it, making it easy for you to integrate into your workflow.

Work undisturbed

Hazel works quietly in the background allowing you to focus on your real tasks. Just set up your rules via a System Preferences pane and let Hazel do its job. Hazel tries not to hog up resources. You won't notice it's there but you'll notice when it's gone. screenshot of menubar iconscreenshot of Growl

Or let Hazel be chatty

Hazel supports Mountain Lion's Notification Center as well as Growl. Receive notifications on your Desktop about what Hazel is doing. Even create your own custom notification messages.

What's New:

User interface changes:

• Worked around Catalina bug where in certain cases fields were not editable after clicking in them.
• Fixed bug in the target pop-up in nested conditions where it would revert to 'the current file' no matter what you selected. This would occur if the nested condition was under another nested condition with its target set to either of the 'sub-files' targets.

Core changes:

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• Fixed old errors not getting cleared out of internal database. This would affect the rule status interface that would show an old error indefinitely in some cases.

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